How Musical Theatre Has Developed

How Musical Theatre Has Developed To discuss the historical development of musical theatre, this report will present an analysis of Leonard Bernsteins musical West Side Story. It will demonstrate how the 1961 screen version has been adapted for the stage in the 2009 Broadway revival to suit modern day audiences and show its reflection through time with the use of ideas and different styles as well as social and economic influences affecting the works. The conflict between the two rival gangs that is so central to the story could be further interpreted as a conflict between Catholic and Jewish communities, which was Bernsteins intention in the beginning. However, Bernstein seized on the idea that current racial tensions in New York caused by immigrants from Puerto Rico would provide a more powerful story and he undoubtedly saw that this would also offer him the opportunity to use a range of Latin-American dance rhythms, for he later said: it all sprang to life. I heard rhythms and pulses, and most of all I could sort of feel the form. (Bernstein, 2009, p.58) Much about West Side Story in that time was new and revolutionary. Instead of the old fashioned romance, akin to the earlier musicals, this is a story of bleak despair. Extended dance sequences convey the drama, and in a place of rousing finals, both acts end in murder. Although Shakespeares text is not used, his characters are clearly identifiable: They say Shakespeares plays are timeless because they still speak to the human condition today (Fischbach, 2010) Accordingly Arthur Laurent, author of the original book, got a second chance at his creation, and turned the 2009 Broadway West Side Story revival into the musical he always wanted to make. The Daily Telegraph found: There is nothing new about this production of West Side Story aside from the hot young cast and it is a prime example of why new is not always best. (Lalak, 2010) Social constraints of the time prevented certain usage of language, so some dialogue and lyrics were delivered in Spanish. This made a considerable difference without substantially changing the story. Laurent has given the show a more intimate feeling and made the Puerto Rican Sharks and their girls, more complete as characters. They are frustrated as strangers in their own land, and the use of Spanish immediately evokes their separation from the English-speaking Jets and their girls. The fundamental problems havent changed much since the start of West Side Story 50 years ago, as we continue to wrestle with new cultures arriving. More importantly, though, this production sets the story of the two gangs and a brief and star-crossed love affair between Maria and Tony as a young persons game. The casting here has made the lovers, both breathtaking in their roles, enormously youthful, which gives us more gleeful moments. It isnt to be, of course, but from the moment West Side Story begins with the legendary dance prologue through the neighbourhood, faithfully reproduced by Joey McKneely from the original choreography by Jerome Robbins, the show glows with redolent memories and enchants with brilliant new moments. It plays against a remarkably flexible set by James Youmans, used for maximum effectiveness by director David Saint. the fundamental problem with the show is its depiction of gang violence and the mean streets of New York.: as being said in the Mercury News. (Craig, 2010) That was always a signature of West Side Story, even in the 1961 screen version, but still well presented with fantastic dance sequences which were half-danced and half-mimed. This new form of dance became a visual symbol of a mode of thought. What the characters were feeling and thinking was expressed by their movement and their identities became inseparable from it. However, when the movie was released in 1961 it wasnt the dance which made a big impression, but the social tensions. It showed a fight for urban space, a space that has already been impregnated with cultural symbols and political significations for the relations, interactions, and social actions according to the American Way of Life. In this sense, the movie projected how the Puerto Rican migration to New York City in the forties and fifties not only took over the order of the Anglo-Americans, but how it also constitutes a threat for the assumed monolithic identity of the Anglo-American subject. New York City was shown as a divided territory, economically, racially, and ethnically. Each social-economic group inhabited a space and even neighbourhood border crossings were avoided. West Side Story is up to date not only because of its lengthy dance numbers, emotionally drenched songs and scores, and a contemporary plot that speaks so much of the place and time where the story took place, but also because we are now in a place and time where social-economic issues continue to prevail in every household and community and where racial discrimination is still rampant. The new Broadway revival speaks not only of this shows unwavering popularity but also of the timeliness of the message it delivers, a message of love, peace and harmonious co-existence regardless of race and social-economic backgrounds. This message clearly transcends five decades of an ever-changing political, economic, social and cultural landscape and is still relevant up to this day. West Side Story shows how dancing, acting, singing and design could blend together in unity. Whether its an old version of the musical or a new one, we might say that: it marked the most impressive body of choreography in a single show, and it was acclaimed as Leonard Bernsteins strongest work for the Broadway stage. (Garebein, 2000, p.9)

Nursing in Alabama

The focal point of this paper is to look into the aspects of nursing profession in Alabama. Nursing profession in Alabama could be regarded as a profession that is on a high note lately. In 2000 it was reported that there are about 41,500 nurses in Alabama who are legally licensed as RN or registered nurses. It is also reported that at current date there are about 85% of these nurses who are actively on the go with their profession and are employed with different agencies and institutions. This number is about 34,000 as on 2000. One interesting observation about the profession of nursing in Alabama is that the population per 100000 consist 765 registered nurses. This is lower than the national rate as it is 780 per 100000 people. (Sen, 2001) In the same year, 2000, the state of Alabama ranked quite well at 10 under the parameter of employment of vocational or licensed practical nurses among other states.   However, it should also be looked after that out of a population per 100000 individuals the total number of licensed practical nurses was 330. This was much higher than the national rate of licensed practical nurse at it stands at 240 per 100000 individuals. But when it comes to total number of licensed practical nurses Alabama scores average at 19th with the sum total being 15000 workers.   However, it should be mentioned that the number of nurse practitioners in 2000 in the state of Alabama was 1400 which is almost at par with the national index of nurse practitioners. . (Sen, 2001) Though it is true that Nursing salaries, like physician salaries, vary by experience, location and specialization it should be noted that on an average a nurse can earn $10-$20 per hour in Alabama, with an additional housing subsidy and this pay can get even higher in areas of high living like Chicago San Francisco or New York. It has been estimated that this amount can rise for traveling nurses to $24-$35 per hour and is almost double the amount of the average stationary nurse. For records, California offers the most number of jobs for traveling nurses. However, it should also be mentioned that the profession of traveling nurse is short termed and a part time job. Usually sums up to 3-4 months in a year or for 45 days on an average out of a year of 365 days. (Mukherjee, 2004) Education is a vital aspect in the field of nursing. MSN or Master of Science in Nursing Program follows a well formulated Terminal Objectives that is very relevant in both medical and administrative level. In general sense the MSN Terminal Objectives includes a general Administration-MSN Track followed by an Education or MSN Track. The next MSN Terminal Objectives that follow after these are The RN-MSN Degree and The Coordinated MSN or MBA Option followed by a Nursing Education Certificate Program. Next there is the UT Southwester Women’s Health Care Nurse Practitioner MSN Completion and The MSN-NP Degree. Shortly after this there is Admission to UT Tyler MSN, MSN or MBA, MSN or NP Programs. There is also a Policy for Non-Degree Seeking Students Procedure for Course Equivalency Determination. Last phase comes with the inclusion of MSN Progression, Thesis and Thesis or Professional Scholarship. (Roberts, 2005) The current workforce analysis of Nurses in Alabama as on 2005 was around 48,000 and at a national level this figure sums up to 1200000. In the same context it could be mentioned that the average salary of a regular nurse in Alabama is about $2500-$3000 which is practically at par with the national index of salary rate of nurses in the US. However, working conditions vary from state to state and Alabama ranks quite high in this respect positioned only second to California. Alabama provides a 7 hour per day shift with any one day in the week as off day for a nurse with free lodging available. (Anand, 2006) Training and education requirement for a nurse in Alabama include the MSN schedule and is regarded as the most essential aspect for getting a license. For sustaining this license or continuing education requirements are essential and there is always room for updated activity and a 3 week semester is available for the registered nurses per year. This semester in the on an average ranges around 2.5 weeks nationwide. However it should be noted that licenses are issued by the Alabama Authority for Care for nurses residing in Alabama whereas the central board of nursing is in based in New York under the name National Board of Registered Nurses. The licenses issued by NBRS-NY are valid all over the US. (Anand, 2006) In the context of Alabama the supply and demand curve of nurses is extremely favorable. At present there is a shortage of about 15% nurses in Alabama alone in respect to the license issued and active workforce. However, in the national context this data is more marginal as the difference between demand and supply of registered nurses is only 3.43%. (Anand, 2006) It should be remembered that the profession of nursing is a noble profession and to excel in it requires hard works with compassion and a favorable state would help this profession to flourish. The state of Alabama could be regarded as an ideal venue for nursing with its high demands.   (Podolski, 2006) References: Anand, M; (2006); US HealthCare Forum: Current Data & Analysis; IBL & Alliance Ltd. 452-461 Mukherjee, Sachin D; (2004); Thought Strategies; IBL & Alliance Ltd. 327 Podolski, V; (2006); Public Perception of Perceptions: An Approach Towards well being; IBL & Alliance Ltd. 87 Roberts, O M; (2005); Outline of Social care; National Book Trust 43 Sen, S; (2001); USA: Nursing Data; ABP Ltd. 98-101   

Caucasian chalk circle

The use Of the V effect is also effective in this scene with the use of the singer which avoids the emotion of realism, making the audience detached from the characters. The purpose of this scene is to show the misunderstanding between the characters which also draws our attention back on society today as the proletariat are being oppressed by the bourgeoisie still in the 21st century. We showed this in our performance when the children have practically no say in their own lives, for example Klan could not do painting because his dad wanted to him to go into the army.Non-verbal communication. As part of our exploration focused we on communicating to the audience just using our body language. Vocal awareness To help us explore our use of voice we looked at scene 3 where Shrugs wanted to save herself from being caught therefore she pretended the governors wife. In this scene she was trying to find herself and Michael a place to live but she couldn't unless she pretended she was a woman of a high class. To do this, I changed my accent into a posh British accent which would normally be used by typical rich women. My Persian shoes† was said n a much exaggerated manner. My tone of voice as high pitched and had a nasal tone. However when I got caught and when the women noticed I was a servant my tone of voice and my accent because I couldn't defend myself in another accent however in my own accent I could express myself very well.. Breech was trying to get a message across that you only had to be Of a higher class or authority to be able to save yourself in society. This also draws our attention to the conflict of social class in society and how it always has been and there hasn't been really much change.Characterization – Rosily laded the role of Shrugs in Scene 6 ‘The Chalk Circle' and created my character by visualizing how I thought my character would stand for example since Shrugs is a servant and a lower class her back would always be bent sho wing the audience that she is always working and also she is working class. However at this point when performed the scene and cradled Michael realized I felt emotionally attached to the character as I felt as if really was a mother who could lose her child.Therefore to prevent this attachment and to remind myself that I am a demonstrator of this character used a range of rehearsal techniques including swapping characters for example, I swapped characters with Klan when we saw that I was getting emotionally attached we did this by spinning around and Klan handing me over the stick showing I had now become a judge. Also to make sure I do not get attached to the character I made another person in my group fix me into Shrugs this meant that was not playing the character but only demonstrating.We did this for example, when Michael started molding my gestures into Shrugs for example I was always bent which showed my class and also how much work I have done since Shrugs is a servant. Soci al/ cultural ‘historical/ political context of Caucasian chalk circle The Caucasian Chalk Circle was written in 1944 it is a story that explores what happens when the law conflicts with justice and asks questions about who is right and wrong in complicated situations. Setting up the play, a Prologue introduces the idea that things should be given to those who will take care of them as two farms dispute ownership of valley.Once an agreement has been reached, the villagers put on a play to celebrate it. Breech's political beliefs and experiences were his motivation to try to change he world through drama. Through the theatre he created he made people realism the wrong doings of the society in which they lived. Firstly, we reflected Breech's views on social class equality in our performance when we decided to make the audience sit in a circle. The fact that everyone is sitting in one big circle with nobody being left out means we are being fair. â€Å"The Caucasian Chalk Circleà ¢â‚¬  has an epic structure.It is a collection so many events which, when put together, show a process taking place. Each particular incident focuses on socio-political lesson in society today. This prologue serves to each the audience that the wealthy are not always right that in fact, the poor should also have a say in the society. It serves to reinforce the point that every single individual should be treated equally. We showed this in the modern version of the prologue when the children were not allowed to hold their dream career as either their parents or siblings wanted them to do something else.A political context was showed when we based prologue in a modern day context set in Syria where ownership is an issue. Where children can't actually make their own decisions. This is because there is a war that as been in Syria for a very long time. Breech emphasized the past by putting the present into perspective as well. Seeing the present through the present meant that the audien ce could compare the past to the present to see the changes in the society. Visual Spatial and Aural elements of production would like to set my play in Syria.In Syria currently people do not have ownership of what they even own it could be linked to the play as since Shrugs did not have enough money she couldn't claim custody of Michael even though she was one that raised him. The above set is the last scene hen the circle was drawn for Michael to be pulled by Shrugs and the Governor's wife. This scene is important because the fate of Michael and Shrugs lied in the arms of the judge like mist people in Syria their fate lied in the arms of the authorities.I would use sounds of shootings and bombings reminding the audience that the play was set in Syria. Also to make it more realistic. However the audience would be able to view the back stage props and cleaning equipment which was influenced by Breech as he wanted to remind the audiences that they were only in a theatre and they had to make a hanger in society. Shrugs would be on the left side of the circle whereas the Governor's wife would be on the opposite, even though this Is what the script stated it also to avoid this two people from touching each other to avoid audience attachment.Response to practitioner Breech wanted his performances to be understood by everyone who came to watch which included the less educated. How we communicated this was by performing the stage directions from the Noble Child to ensure that the audience (year 8, younger than us ) understood the message we were trying o get across which was the upper were taking over society and having most power in society and Breech being communist wanted to make a change. realism the wrong doings of the society in which they lived.Breech's view is that the actor should not impersonate but narrate action of another person, as if quoting facial gesture and movement. This means Breech did not want the actor to play the character which obviously did not distance them but wanted them to only demonstrate it. We showed this in our plays when we got rid of every scene that was going cause the audience r the actor to get emotionally attached. For example, we swapped characters when there were scenes such as emotional breakdown for example when Simon left Crush at the riverside.Breech wanted to use Guests which the presentation of emotions through gestures. We showed this by using my body language when expressing the Governors wife showed this by lifting my shoulders and my nose up in the air just trying to show the influence of class and how much they do not appreciate the poor. Interpretation of a section of ‘The Caucasian Chalk Circle' Intended Impact of he section: This section was to highlight to the audience Grass's choice.The nature of the scene is to get the audience emotionally attached however Breech didn't Want this and therefore used the V-effect to stop them from getting attached, in order for the audience to be mo tivated to make a change in their situation. Setting: I would set this scene at the river so there is something to separate the actors and to distance the audience and therefore we used a white long cloth to emphasize to the audience that it is only a play to avoid them from being emotional. Suggested Rehearsal techniques: Reading stage directions -this accentuates the fact that they were only in a theatre.Swapping characters- when the scene reached where Shrugs had to make a decision between Michael and Simon you could tell that the audience would naturally get attached and therefore Breech in this case would swap characters. We did this by lifting the cloth and walking underneath it in slow motion. When I changed I introduced my character and repeated the line before the swap again. This was effective because it made the audience understand the fact that there has being a change of characters and also to mind them that they are still in the theatre.

The Model Of Organizational Structure - 1768 Words

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Chart 1 The structure of the organization mentioned in chart no 1 defines the division of the work, coordination of work within the subunits and formal reporting relationship. These different subunits are equipped with required resources and systems of communication such as Enterprise Resource Planning Software, Cell phones, Emails, checklists etc to achieve standards set by the company. Strategic Apex †¢ The Strategic Apex had less interaction with the PM and PD unit and was mainlyShow MoreRelatedReshaping Organizational Culture Using the Burke-Litwin Model1110 Words   |  4 Pagesgender roles and other American cultural ideas on an organization in a foreign culture. This paper will describe their efforts using the lens of the Burke-Litwin model for organizational change. Burke-Litwin The Burke-Litwin Model seeks to explain the processes and influences by which organizational change occurs. The organizational change process is driven by twelve different factors. 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